Анатомия власти. Гоcудари и пoдданные в Европе в Средние века и Новое время [Коллектив авторов -- История] (pdf) читать постранично, страница - 229

different methods of financial and
administrative control of the metropolis over the governance of its supreme
administrators endowed with broad powers in the trading stations. The system
had its own characteristics, which are being discussed in the article. Statutory
standards for investigations are verified by performance data reflected in the
documents of the State Archives of Genoa and Venice.
Susanna Tsaturova

The Royal Schism, Etienne Pasquier and the Corporate Historical
Memory
The article analyzes the interpretation of the events of the ArmagnacBourguignon Civil War and the subsequent royal schism in 15th-century France
in the historical work of Etienne Pasquier Recherches de la France. Pasquier was
not only a humanist and erudite, but also a prominent lawyer and the guardian of
the historical memory of the judicial corporation. The work of Etienne Pasquier
was written in similar conditions of the civil war (Wars of Religion) and the split
of the country. Drawing analogies between the two crises, Pasquier looked in the
past for ways to restore the country’s unity. According to Pasquier, a significant
contribution to the end to turmoil could be put by royal officials, primarily
servants of the Parliament of Paris.
Olga Togoeva

Under the Shadow of the King
The article is devoted to the history of the so called “swimming” — the ordeal
used in English witch trials in the early Modern time. The author analyzes the
English demonological pamphlets of the 17th century and comes to the
conclusion that this “novelty” became the local judges’ reaction to the treatise
“Daemonologie” of King James I, who strongly recommended the “swimming” to
identify the true witches. The personal position of the king, however, was soon
challenged by his eternal opponents — the English Puritans, who devoted more
than one treatise to the issues of judicial procedure in witch trials. It was under
the pressure of the Puritans that the English judges were finally forced to

abandon the practice of the “swimming”, regardless of the authority of their
ruler.
Ludmila Pimenova

Anatomy of the French Monarchy of the Old Régime in the “Treatise on
the Rights” edited by J.-N. Guyot
This article analyses a collective essay published on the eve of the French
Revolution, in 1786–1788, entitled “A Treatise on the Rights, Functions,
Franchises, Exemptions, Prerogatives and Privileges Annexed in France to Every
Dignity, to Every Office and to Every Estate, Civil, Military or Ecclesiastical”. Its
authors had a project to study and explain the history and current state of the
power institutions of the French monarchy. In their reflections, they used both
the previous legal tradition, especially the works of Charles Loyseau, and the
modern ideas, including those of the Enlightenment. In the treatise, they
consistently formulated the principles of indivisible royal sovereignty and
absolute power, not limited by anything except the enlightened will of the
monarch. The authors pointed out the danger posed to the monarchy by the
Parliaments with their political aspirations, but with optimism — as it turned
out, unjustified — they counted on the stability and ability to overcome
difficulties inherent in the “monarchical constitution” of France.
Dmitry Bovykin

Everything is Guilty Here: The General Amnesty as the End of the
Revolution
In the political practice of the French Ancien Régime amnesty was used more
than once as an instrument of general reconciliation, a way to resume the times
of turmoil and disaster. These attempts to reconcile were often accompanied by
the desire to erase certain events from the national memory, to “forget” them.
This was relevant both during the Religious wars and during the Fronde. And, of
course, it became relevant again in the epoch of the French Revolution of the
18th century: in the eyes of contemporaries, such an amnesty would
simultaneously mean the end of the Revolution itself. The article examines the
paths taken by the royalists and republicans to the general amnesty in 1791–
1795, and the general amnesty itself announced in 1795 at the end of the
National Convention.
Irina Variash

Is Paradise Cancelled?
The Andalusian Paradise is a central concept of Iberian medieval history, which,
in the second half of the 20th century, attracted the attention of scholars
studying medieval history of the West, Byzantium, the East, and the Slavs. The
concept reflected the new level of academic knowledge about the relationships

existing in the Medieval World between Christians, Muslims and Jews, on the one
hand, and between dominant authority and religious minorities, on the other.
Modern historiography considerably revises the factual and interpretational
features of this historical experience, including the
concepts of Convivencia, Coexistencia, and religious Tolerance. Nowadays the
concepts of Coercion and Compulsion have replaced the
terms Violence and Persecution, which were opposed to Tolerance of the 1990s.
Alexander Marey

So Different Charm of Power: The Christian Tradition and the Castilian
Example
The author analyses the concept of the royal power developed in the Castile’s
kingdom in the second half of 13th century. Principal sources he uses during this
analysis are the First and the Second Partidas of Alfonso X the Wise (1252–1284)
and some chapters of the Fuero Real ascribed to the same monarch. The author
shows that Castilian lawyers and theologians had depicted the king as a supreme
judge and, at the same time, as a legislator, a “living source of law” of his
kingdom. Besides this purely juridical image, they described the king as head and
soul of his people. The author emphasizes that the latter idea (the king as a
people’s soul) was a pure invention of Castilian thought, unknown in the West.
This chapter also includes a translation of the first chapter of the Second Partida
dedicated to the emperors, kings, and other higher authorities of the medieval
world.
Oleg Voskoboynikov

Marsilius of Padua and his Treatise “On the Transfer of Empire”
Marsilius of Padua is well known for his political Defender of Peace (1324) and
for his involvement in the confrontation between the pope John XXII and Louis of
Bavaria, elected candidate for the throne of the Holy Roman Empire. On the
Transfer of Empire (De translatione imperii) is a historiographic annex to his
important treatise, together with his Little Defender (Defensor minor). This short
account of ‘travels’ of universal rulership from Greeks to Germans is, for
Marsilius, an occasion to demonstrate historically the principles he ascribed to
politics and power in his theory. This is the first analysis and full translation of
this text into Russian.
Svetlana Yatsyk

Boniface VIII. “Glory, Praise, and Honour”: Bull of Canonization of Louis
IX
Louis IX was canonized in 1297, 27 years after his death. It was Gregory X, who
first attempted to canonize the king in 1272: at his request, Geoffrey of Beaulieu,
a Dominican friar and Louis’ confessor, composed his first vita. The first inquiries

into the life of the deceased king were made in secret by Simon of Brion, future
pope Martin IV, who was sent to France by Gregory X. Gregory’s death in 1276,
however, delayed the canonization process. Nicholas III and Martin IV continued
to appoint cardinals to run the investigation. Honorius IV and Nicholas IV set up
commissions to examine the reports of the held inquiries. And only under
Boniface VIII the process reached a long-desired conclusion, not least of all for
political reasons. Boniface took part in the canonization inquiry while he was still
a cardinal: he was a member of the commission that investigated Louis’ miracles,
and he personally transcribed the testimonies. And on August 4, 1297, he
publicly announced his intention to consecrate Louis IX as a saint, because his life
was not merely sinless, but was “an eternal movement from good to better”. On
August 11, 1297, Louis was officially canonized, and the bull announcing his
canonization is structured as a brief vita of the holy king. The current translation
is based on the text of “Gloria laus” as it appeared in Acta Sanctorum, in view of
the editions of 1617 and 1894.
Pavel Uvarov

Plague in Provins in 1582–1583. To the Issue of the Pathology Anatomy
of Power
The article analyses the description of the plague