The poet is a hero [Андрей Тихомиров] (fb2) читать онлайн

Андрей Тихомиров, Альбина Мусукеева The poet is a hero

Orenburg residents during the Great Patriotic War

The victory over German fascism in World War II is of world-historical importance. The Soviet people and their brave army played a decisive role in this. Orenburg residents also made their contribution (residents of the Chkalov region, the so-called Orenburg region from 1938 to 1957). They, like all soldiers of the Red Army, fought on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War and behind enemy lines, showing courage, military skill, bravery and heroism. They fought heroically in the battles for Kiev, Odessa, Moscow, Sevastopol, Leningrad, Stalingrad. They were among those who fought on Malaya Zemlya and on the Kursk Bulge, stormed Berlin and liberated Prague, ensuring victory over imperialist Japan with their bravery and courage. They fought for every foot of the Soviet land, faithfully fulfilling the slogan inherited from the Civil War: "All for the victory!"

Full cavaliers of the Order of Soldier's Glory were I. S. Artishchev, A. A. Brykin, V. N. Brown, I. G. Mamykin, Yu. V. Kuznetsov, R. N. Medvedev, G. I. Usmanov and others who were awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union for courage and heroism shown in the fight against the Nazi invaders at the final stage of the war. Several thousand natives of the region were awarded military orders and medals of the Soviet Union for crossing the Oder and showing courage in the battles for Berlin. More than 10 thousand Orenburg residents were awarded the medal "For the Capture of Berlin".

The fighting of the partisans is marked by courage and legendary fame. There were many of our countrymen among the famous heroes. The Hero of the Soviet Union, Communist G. M. Linkov, a native of the village of Vasilevka in the Oktyabrsky district, performed unforgettable feats. Already in the autumn of 1941, he became one of the leaders of the movement in the occupied territory of Belarus. The partisans affectionately called him Batey.

Orenburg residents fought with the enemy on the outskirts of their homeland, in anti-fascist resistance groups. The real name of one of the leaders of the partisan detachments in the Nazi-occupied territory of Poland has been unknown for more than 16 years. Now it is precisely established that this legendary man, who caused fear and panic in the enemy camp and won the love and respect of friends, was Komsomol member V. P. Voychenko, a native of the village of Kalinovka in the Gaysky district. As a result of the daring operations of his detachment, the Nazis suffered heavy losses in manpower and equipment.

Orenburg residents will forever remember R. Shershneva, a Komsomol member of the Totsky district, who, after graduating from high school, volunteered for a partisan detachment. The brave partisan scout was in the Belarusian Gastello detachment. In one of the unequal battles, he courageously closed the embrasure of the bunker.

During the Great Patriotic War, the Orenburg Region gave 243 Heroes of the Soviet Union to the Motherland. They were not only born in our region, but also once lived here for a while or still live here. 10 of them are Heroes of the Soviet Union of Tatar origin. They all come from our region. Three heroes were awarded by the Sharlyk district, including the world-famous Tatar poet, Lenin Prize laureate Musa Jalil. 7 out of 10 Heroes of the Soviet Union gave their lives for their Homeland. Four people received this high title of the motherland for crossing the Dnieper: Abdrshin Ramil Khairullovich from the village of Novo-Musino, Sharlyk district, awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union posthumously at the age of 18; Galiev Nurgali Mukhametgalievich from the village of Sarmanaevo, Sharlyk district, Fayzullin Hanif Shakirovich from the village of Verkhniye Chebenki, Sakmar district, awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union posthumously at the age of 22 years old; Staroshirovo Matveevsky district Shamkaev Akram Bileevich.

Orenburg researchers write about the heroes who took an active part in the defense of the Motherland from the Nazi invaders. Among them are Sh. M. Abdrashitov, R. H. Abdrshin, Sh. Fayzullin and others. For the courage and bravery shown during the crossing of the Dnieper, he was awarded the highest award of the country. During the Bialystok amphibious operation, he died during the liberation of the city of Nikolaev, Ya.A. Akhmetshin performed his feat on the territory of Poland. When crossing the Tisza River, Sh.A. Gazitov was killed by a bullet. The young, who did not survive, died. R. H. Abdrshin was born in 1925 in the village of Novomusinino, Sharlyk district, graduated from the Pedagogical College with honors in July 1942, worked as a teacher for some time, was drafted into the Red Army in February 1943, and participated in battles on the Steppe Front from March 1943. He participated in the Battle of Kursk. On November 17, 1943, he was posthumously awarded the title Hero of the Soviet Union for his courage and heroism shown during the crossing of the Dnieper and in the battles to hold a bridgehead on the right bank of the river. The famous Shamil Abdrashitov was born in 1925 in Orenburg, graduated from the Orenburg Military School of pilots. From April 1943 to May 1944, he fought with the Nazi invaders as part of the 4th Air Army on the North Caucasus, Crimean and 4th Ukrainian fronts. He participated in the liberation of Kuban, the Taman Peninsula, Crimea, and Ukraine. Sh. M. Abdrashitov was awarded the title of Hero of the Soviet Union on August 2, 1944. He made 242 sorties and shot down 16 enemy aircraft. On May 3, Sh. M. Abdrashitov was killed in an air battle near Cape Chersonesos. One of the streets of the city of Orenburg is named after the Hero. H. S. Fayzullin was born in 1921, died in 1944. Khairutdinov was born in 1924 and died the same year. Yagafar Akhmetshin was born in 1924, died in 1945. The war greedily absorbed new forces, young shoots, and the color of the people. Among those who fought on the fronts of the Great Patriotic War were thousands of Tatars of the Orenburg region, who performed daily feats to establish peace on Russian soil.

136 people went to the front from the village of Abdrakhmanovo in the Abdulinsky district, 5,000 people were mobilized from the Asekeyevsky district to the front by January 1, 1945 (the Tatar population did not prevail in this area). The 195th Novomoskovsk Rifle Division was formed in the Orenburg Region from December 1941 to February 1942. At the time of sending to the front, there were 1945 Tatars in it. Some military units were stationed in Tatar villages and villages. Local authorities, as well as the population, provided various assistance to the soldiers of the Red Army. This was expressed in food aid, provision of horse-drawn transport, fuel, apartments, etc. For example, the 29th and 38th rifle battalions were stationed in the village of Tatarsky Kargaly.

Bringing Victory closer, Orenburg workers and peasants worked selflessly. Ravkat Ganiyazovich Khabibullin worked as a builder and two machine operators during the war. In 1943, she produced at least 5-6 norms per shift, and transferred over-planned products to the Fund for Assistance to Areas Liberated from Nazi Occupation. Many workers have mastered his work. The Comintern of the Krasnopartizansky district during the war. It achieves the best indicators in the district and the region for the production and economy of conventional tractor fuel. In 1942, he invested 150 thousand rubles from his personal savings in the construction of an airplane, and therefore received a welcome telegram from the Supreme High Command.

Musa Jalil

"The Soviet people fought against the hated enemy not only in their homeland, but also actively participated in the anti-fascist resistance movement. The immortal feat was performed by the Hero of the Soviet Union, the communist poet Musa Jalil, a native of the village of Mustafino in the Sharlyk district. During the battle, he was seriously wounded and captured. A firm belief in the correctness of Lenin's ideas, in the Victory of the Soviet people over the brown plague, helped him to continue the fight against fascism itself, in prisons. He organized an underground group, but was betrayed by a traitor and sentenced to death. Inhuman torture does not destroy M.'s fortitude and courage. Jalil. The Communist poet remained a faithful son of returning to his homeland until his last breath" (Tikhomirov A. E., Chkalovskaya (Orenburg) region during the Great Patriotic War, "Ridero", Yekaterinburg, 2022, p. 10).

Musa Zalilov (Jalil) was born on February 2 (15), 1906 in the village of Mustafino in the Sharlyk district of the Orenburg region (at that time the Orenburg province), where in 1919 he founded a children's organization that joined the struggle for Soviet power. He was the sixth and youngest child in the family. His parents are Tatars. Rahim and Mustafa Zalilov (Jalilov) soon after Musa's birth decided to move to a provincial town, where life was much easier than in the village. Rahima was the daughter of a mullah who arranged for Musa to study at the Husainiya madrasah. After the revolution, the theological educational institution was reformed and became the Tatar Institute of Public Education. Growing up, Moses realized that religion was not his way. The result of his education was a technical certificate, which he received at the Faculty of the Pedagogical Institute. He actively visits the library in Orenburg, where literature in Tatar and Russian is presented, and gets acquainted with the best works of that time.

On October 2 (old style), 1906, the meeting of the Orenburg Muslim Charitable Society decided to apply for the opening of a free library in the city, for which a commission was elected. Having received the governor's permission, the commission began collecting books and money from the population, ordered furniture, and rented a private building in Sytny lane. And soon the library was opened in a solemn atmosphere. In the early years, the library received 17 newspapers and magazines in the Tatar language and 6 newspapers and magazines in Russian. The subscription was expanded and supplemented with public funds. Students clean the room themselves, put books and inventory in order, and public assistants provide services to students. In August 1908, the charitable society purchased a two-story house in Solyanoy Lane for 25 thousand rubles for the library. Although slowly, the library stock is growing. According to the census of 1910, there were 1,510 books in it, and the library named after9700 people. The library is not only engaged in the issuance of literature, it conducts extensive cultural and educational work among the Tatars, Bashkirs, and Cossacks of the city. Meetings with famous people are often organized, popular lectures are given, and reader conferences are held. Sewing and sewing courses, music and drama clubs are organized in the library.

During these years, the library was visited by writers Shakir Mukhammedov, Zakir Ramiyev (Dardmend), Shamun Fidai, H. Yamashev, leading folk artists Fatima Kamalova, Mazit Ildar and others. In 1917-1919, he was the head of the Department. The library was headed by the famous Tatar writer Sharif Kamal, who did a lot to complete the library with literature. His influence on the students was enormous. It was during these years that Musa Jalil became an active reader of the library. During these years, the library, like all Tatar literature, has been going through dramatic events in its development.

At the same time, in the newspaper of the political department of the Turkestan army "Kyzyl Yuldus", he publishes his first poem, in which he calls on the defenders of Orenburg to feats in defense of the working people. In February 1920, he joined the Komsomol. He lived and worked in Orenburg for several years. After graduating from the art school, he served in special forces units, fought banditry. After graduating from the tatrabfak, Jalil worked as an instructor in the Orsk district Committee of the Komsomol, then in the Orenburg Provincial Committee of the Komsomol. The first poetry collection "Let's go" was published in 1925 in Kazan.

The works of M. M. Jalil of the 1920s include the glorification of the Heroes of the Revolution and the Civil war (the poem "The Roads Traversed", 1924-1929), romantic images of ordinary builders of socialism (collection "Order-bearing Millions", 1934; Collection "Postmen", 1938, published in 1940). At the end of 1927 He was elected a member of the bureau of the Tatar-Bashkir section of the Central Committee of the All-Union Lenin Komsomol Committee (KOMSOMOL). In 1931, he moved to Moscow, where he graduated from the literary Faculty of Moscow State University. Until 1932, he was the editor-in-chief of the Tatar children's magazine, headed the department of literature and art in the central Tatar newspaper "Communist".

In 1935, the first translations of his poems into Russian were published. In the 1930s, Jalil also translated into Tatar the works of poets of the peoples of the USSR Shota Rustaveli, Taras Shevchenko, Pushkin, Nekrasov, Mayakovsky and Lebedev-Kumach. As a playwright of the Tatar State Opera, he wrote four librettos for Tatar operas. In 1939 and 1940, he served as chairman of the Union of Writers of the Tatar ASSR.

The outbreak of the Great Patriotic War detained him in Kazan, where he headed the writers' organization of Tatarstan. Since July 1941, he has been at the front as a political instructor, an employee of the editorial office of the newspaper "Courage" of the 2nd shock Army in the Volkhov direction. In one of the battles, Musa Jalil was seriously wounded and captured. He ended up in a Nazi concentration camp. Soon, for participating in the preparation of the uprising of prisoners of war, he was imprisoned in the Moabite prison, then in the prisons of Spandau, Plettsensee. In prison, he continued to write poetry imbued with ardent love for the Motherland, his colleagues, and fellow citizens. In German captivity, he actively participated in the activities of an underground group of Tatar prisoners of war, was its ideological inspirer. On behalf of this group, he worked in the Tatarische Mittelstelle organization (Tatar mediation, Berlin), created by the Germans to conduct propaganda work among Tatar prisoners of war and use them in the war against the USSR; conducted cultural and educational work among prisoners of war forcibly enrolled in the legion, and destructive work against the Nazis.

On August 10, 1943, he and his comrades were arrested by the Gestapo and sent to the Moabite prison in Berlin. He was in a cell with Belgian patriot and resistance fighter Andre Timmermans and Polish prisoners. In prison, Jalil learns German to communicate with his prisoners. In prison, he wrote down poems written in the same place in homemade notebooks. He and his group of 12 people were sentenced to death on February 12, 1944 and executed by guillotine in Berlin's Plettsensee prison on August 25. His body has not been found.

Jalil's first notebook was kept by Abbas Sharipov, and then by Nigmat Teregulov. Sharipov was also in Moab prison and received letters from Jalil and Abdullah Alish when prison guards were hiding from the bombings. The second notebook is kept in the hands of the Belgian chamberlain Andre Timmermans. These notebooks were transferred to the Union of Writers of the Tatar ASSR in 1946 and 1947. They were published in the form of two books called "Moabite Notebooks". The widow of Jalil Amin Zalyalov handed over the original to the National Museum of Tatarstan for safekeeping. One of the notebooks was delivered in 1946 by Turkish citizen Kazim Mirshan to the Soviet Embassy in Rome. However, this notebook was lost in the archives of SMERSH, and its search since 1979 has not yielded any results. These notebooks are written in Arabic script.

In 1953, the Moabite Notebooks were published in Kazan, and a Russian translation was also published in Literaturnaya Gazeta with the assistance of its editor Konstantin Simonov.

Jalil was awarded the Hero of the Soviet Union Star in 1956 and the Lenin Prize for Literature in 1957 for The Moabite Notebooks. Musa Jalil Street appeared in Orenburg in 1965. A monument to Musa Jalil was erected near the Kazan Kremlin; a museum in his apartment was opened in Kazan in 1983. His poetry was popularized in the Soviet Union and the Warsaw Pact countries. Soviet Tatar composer Najib Zhiganov wrote an opera poem "Jalil" based on the poet's life. The premiere of the song in the Tatar language took place in Kazan in 1957, and was later recorded by conductor Boris Khaykin for Moscow radio. In 1968, the film "Moabite Notebooks" was made about the poet. The symphonic poem "Musa Jalil" by the Soviet Tatar composer Almaz Monasypov, written in 1971, is dedicated to the poet. The minor planet NGC 3082, discovered in 1972 by Soviet astronomer Tamara Mikhailovna Smirnova, is named in his honor. The monument to the Soviet poet, hero of the Soviet Union Musa Jalil was unveiled on June 22, 1996 in the city of Orenburg. The monument is located in Orenburg on Postnikov Street.

The monument was erected in 1996 to mark the 90th anniversary of the poet's birth. The author is the sculptor Kadym Zamitov (Kazan). The 1.5 ton sculpture was cast in Tatarstan. Musa Jalil appears sitting on a stone with his head slightly turned to the left. There is an inscription on the slab in front of the monument: "To the poet-hero Musa Jalil." The creation of the monument became possible thanks to the government of Tatarstan, the administration of the cities of Kazan and Orenburg, as well as voluntary donations from people of various nationalities. The honorary right to open the monument was granted to the poet's younger sister, Khadicha Zalilova. On October 13, 2021, the grand opening of the monument to Jalil in Yekaterinburg took place in the Sverdlovsk region.

Related literature

"The ragged song", L.I. Futoryansky, in the book "History of Orenburg region", Textbook. Orenburg: Orenburg Book Publishing House, 1996

The history of the native land. A textbook for grades 7-10 of secondary schools in the Orenburg region. South Ural Book Publishing House, authors: S.A. Popov, P.E. Matviyevsky, Y.S. Zobov and others, Chelyabinsk, 1976

Abstracts of the reports "Tatars in the Orenburg region", Scientific and practical conference, DiMur Publishing House, Orenburg, 1996

Tikhomirov A.E., The hero-shagyr. LitRes, Moscow, 2023

Tikhomirov A.E., Chkalovskaya (Orenburg) region during the Great Patriotic War, "Ridero", Yekaterinburg, 2022